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Command Injection If user input is allowed to specify system commands your program executes, attackers might be able to cause the system to carry out malicious commands on their behalf If the input can include le system or shell metacharacters, an attacker could specify an absolute path where a relative path is expected or append a second malicious command following the command your program intends to execute Unauthorized command execution is called command injection The code in Example 533 is from an administrative Web application that runs under Windows It is designed to allow users to kick off a backup of an Oracle database using a batch- le wrapper around the rman utility and then run a cleanupbat script to delete some temporary les The script rmanDBbat accepts a single command-line parameter, which speci es the type of backup to perform Because access to the database is restricted, the application runs the backup as a privileged user

match "item/:id" => "items#show"

It sure would be nice to shorten that link_to code After all, the routing rule already specifies the controller and action This is a good candidate for a named route for items:

String btype = requestgetParameter("backuptype"); String cmd = new String("cmdexe /K \"c:\\util\\rmanDBbat " + btype + "&&c:\\utl\\cleanupbat\"") RuntimegetRuntime()exec(cmd);

match "item/:id" => "items#show", :as => "item"

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When the preceding calculator component is deployed, it provides a single service de ned by the Calculator interface Clients connect to the Calculator service and invoke one or more of its operations Composites The second step in creating a component is to con gure it Components are con gured using an XML con guration le called a composite This le can be created by hand or using graphical tooling The XML vocabulary used to create composites is Service Component De nition Language (SCDL, pronounced SKID-EL ) Listing 13 shows a composite that con gures the calculator component using the implementation listed in Listing 14

Lets improve the situation by introducing item_path in the call to link_to:

link_to "Auction of #{itemname}", item_path(:id => itemid)

Once again, the problem is that the program does not do any validation on the backuptype parameter read from the user Typically, the Runtimeexec() method will not execute multiple commands, but in this case, the program rst runs the cmdexe shell in order to run multiple commands with a single call to Runtimeexec() When the shell is invoked, it will happily execute multiple commands separated by two ampersands If an attacker passes a string of the form "&& del c:\\dbms\\**", the application will execute this command along with the others speci ed by the program Because of the nature of the application, it runs with the privileges necessary to interact with the database, which means that whatever command the attacker injects will run with those privileges as well Example 534 shows the code from Example 533 corrected to limit the values that are allowed to appear in the btype parameter with a whitelist that accepts only the 26 characters in the English alphabet

Giving the route a name is a shortcut; it takes us straight to that route, without a long search and without having to provide a thick description of the route s hard-coded parameters

In fact, we can make the argument to item_path even shorter If you need to supply an id number as an argument to a named route, you can just supply the number, without spelling out the :id key:

final static int MAXNAME = 50; final static String FILE_REGEX = "[a-zA-Z]{1,"+MAXNAME+"}"; // vanilla chars in prefix final static Pattern BACKUP_PATTERN = Patterncompile(FILE_REGEX); public void validateBackupName(String backupname) { if(backupname == null || !BACKUP_PATTERNmatcher(backupname)matches()) { throw new ValidationException("illegal backupname"); } } String btype = validateBackupName(requestgetParameter("backuptype")); String cmd = new String("cmdexe /K \"c:\\util\\rmanDBbat " + btype + "&&c:\\utl\\cleanupbat\"") RuntimegetRuntime()exec(cmd);

A better solution is to introduce a mock for the CreditService Mock objects, as they are referred to, mimic speci c behavior of real objects and generally have trivial implementations A mock CreditService implementation, for example, would always return a good or bad score Mocks are manually set on component implementations by the unit test Components then call mocks as if they were reference proxies to real service providers

link_to "Auction of #{itemname}", item_path(itemid)

And the syntactic sugar goes even further: You can and should provide objects and Rails will grab the id automatically

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